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Physical Therapy Schools In Florida! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.Africans in America are assailed by deplorable conditions, such as; lowest whole of wealth, top unemployment, lowest income, top crime rate, and fastest death rate. These conditions, according to Sociologists are the results of poor economic development. This paper will discuss alternative approaches to developing the Black society by establishing Black businesses.
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The Problem
Our investigation of the deplorable conditions faced by the Black masses resulted in discovery of a twofold problem:
o Unequal Wealth Distribution
o Inappropriate Behavior Patterns
Unequal Wealth Distribution
We must understand that wealth is money you receive because of ownership of property - real estate, stocks and bonds, or business. Its money you continue to receive for as long as you own the property. On the other hand, earnings is money earned by selling your labor. The issue with earnings is if you do not work, the money stops. Black Americans have abundant earnings (Approximately 700 billion dollars) and minimal wealth.
The wealth gap is widening in the middle of mainstream White society and Black America. according to the record "The State of the Dream 2004" by United for a Fair Economy, African Americans were 13% of the population in 2001, but owned just 3% (including home equity) of the median family wealth. If we adjust for 2001 dollars, that means 1,000 for White households and ,000 for Black households. Furthermore, it will take until 2099 (98 years) to reach parity.
Why is wealth accumulation so important? Wealth accumulation is vital because it determines an ethnic group's group acceptance, entrance to functional schools, whole of contentious businesses, equal justice, indispensable condition care, personal comfort, and the distance and capability of their lives.
Inappropriate Behavior Patterns (Ibp)
Unequal Wealth Distribution is not totally to blame for Black America's lowly economic status and together with capability of life. Another major cause is what Anderson (2001) calls Inappropriate Behavior Patterns (Ibp) (Actions that follow in Blacks participating in there own subordination or exploitation). [1] Inappropriate behavior patterns stem from the group conditioning of slavery. Some say Ibp results from Post Traumatic Slavery Disorder.
Dr. Kenneth P. Clark, in a monumental piece states:
"In order to fully grasp the magnitude of our current problems, we must reopen the books on the events of slavery. Our objective should not be to cry stale tears for the past, or to rekindle old hatreds for past injustices. Instead, we should seek to enlighten our path of today by great comprehension where and how the lights were turned out yesterday.
We should also understand that slavery should be viewed as a starting point for comprehension the 'African-American psyche, and not as an end point.
Therefore, the study of the African-American psyche should comprise psycho-history, but it should not be exclusively implicated with events in the past." [2]
As a result, Slavery Conditioning gave birth to Ibp that weakens the contentious impulse in African-Americans. Competitiveness declines to the point where we organize rationale to interpret behavior of outsiders rather than ally with members of their own group to compete against outsiders.
Moreover, Inappropriate Behavior Patterns teach Whites and others how to treat us. If we want to be respected, then we must convert what we are teaching our competitors.
Examples of destructive Ibp are:
o Community Division
o Collusion with the Competition
o Seeking the Approval Of Whites
o White Ice is Colder
o Attitude Towards Work
o Attitude Towards Material Objects
Community Division
The most damaging inappropriate behavior faced by African-Americans is society Division. The slave expert fostered it among the slaves in order to diffuse any unification efforts. The slave makers knew that disunited communities would be easy prey for prolonged control. All types of department devices prevented the slaves from advent together.
The major separation was in the middle of the house and field workers. The house workers saw themselves as privileged. They had less corporal labor, wore great clothes, ate great and took care of the personal needs of the expert and his household.
Just to be physically closer to the expert gave the house slave a sense of superiority over his fellow field slaves.
The slave expert used his house slaves as a buffer zone against the field slaves. He encouraged them to feel superior, be loyal to his cause and take his side while any disputes. Because of this group conditioning, the slave expert gained some slaves that assisted and identified with him completely.
Community department in the Black society persists today. Rather than house versus field we have, establishment, grassroots, college-educated, non college-educated, Christians, Muslims, Baptists, Methodists, fraternities, sororities, schools, white collar, blue collar, republicans, democrats, neighborhoods and hundreds of other bases for division. The origin of all these divisions comes from the same source as it did 400 years ago --- an outsider who profits from the separation.
Black Americans, just as we did 400 years ago, spend more time arguing and justifying cut off goals than we do working on base goals. Slavery Conditioning has psyched us out to feel our cut off problems are more foremost than our shared problems.
Collusion with the Competition
History has taught us that coalitions ordinarily control at the charge of the grassroot Black majority. This type of inappropriate behavior occurs when Blacks partner with other ethnic groups.
It is a qoute because so many members of the Black establishment [8] use it. Coalescing encourages Blacks to work with groups who already have articulated goals, rather than organize goals of our own. Black participation gives credibility and vigor to sexual preference, ethnic, class, gender, disabled, and Spanish-speaking groups, some of whom compete openly with us for wealth and power and openly oppose Black gains.
During Collusion with the Competition African-Americans, lose by default due to the inappropriate behavior of Black establishment leaders who seek cross-group alliances, White approval, and corporate dollars at the charge of their own people. In addition, if funds are available, the trickle-down theory takes follow and ordinarily leaves us with leftovers after sexual preference, gender, ethnic, religious, disabled and Spanish speaking language groups receive what they want or need.
Being a Good Negro
Slavery conditioning produces an inappropriate behavior that comes from the old group or Southern racial etiquette. It occurs when Blacks, especially from the South or Midwest, avoid situations that make them appear free, independent and about determining their own destiny.
A Good Negro or "safe" African-American seeks White approval. They are perfectly happy to go to work or to church, look at television and then go to bed. To them whatever happens to Blacks in the society or everywhere else is not their concern. Good Negroes want to appear happy, content, compromising and non-competitive. Those who behave in this manner will neither speak up nor speak out on Black issues, nor will they defend against Black injustices.
White Ice Is Colder
Another type of inappropriate behavior that manifests from group conditioning is the belief that White Ice Is Colder. African-Americans conditioned by school, religion, and all the mainstream group institutions believe that Whites are inherently superior. As a result, the classic capability of the White man's ice remains a ordinarily proper expression in the Black community. Anderson relates an incident where he was explore to the behavior:
"Standing with a friend in front of his office construction in Tallahassee, Florida, I saw a Black man drive up to a Black-owned grocery store. He got out of his car and walked over to the ice machine. He picked up any bags of ice, examined them, put them back into the ice machine, and then walked across the street to a White-owned liquor store. There, he went to the ice motor and took out two bags of ice. He examined them, and then went to the drive-through window to pay for them.
My friend and I were so struck by the behavior that we asked him why he rejected the ice at the Black store but purchased the same brand from the White-owned store. He said, 'I don't like Mr. Brown's ice. It's too lumpy. Jax Liquor's ice is better'. That day, I learned that not only was White ice colder, but apparently 'smoother' to at least one Black man." [9]
Social conditioning has planted deeply rooted inappropriate behaviors in the psyche of Black Americans. In this case, the mental is if Whites touch it, make it, sell it, or talk about it only then it is proper to Blacks.
Attitude Towards Work
A often seen inappropriate behavior passed to Blacks from group conditioning is their Attitude Towards Work. Slavery was forced labor. It was daily work, starting in early childhood and continuing until death or total disability. To the slave, work did not provide for his needs. Instead he worked, often under the threats of abuse or death, to furnish profits for the slave master. A good crop did not enhance his life or community; it improved only the life and society of the slave master.
Work, as any activity that bears no advantage to the doer, was hated. Seen as a form of punishment, and as any punishment, those who are punished despise it. Moreover, work was identified with slavery. Even today, Ebonics refers to a job as a "slave".
Enslavement meant work and leisure meant avoidance of work. Work was viewed as the activity of the pride-less underdog. Today, one hundred and forty four years removed from slavery, it is difficult for many Blacks to view the long-term reward of sustained work as being enough to erase the stigma of the toil. Many of us will not start a enterprise because it is easier to work for someone else and get a quarterly paycheck and the leisure of Emancipation-Friday evening through Monday morning.
Attitude Towards Material Things
Allowing the slave to own nothing or very miniature was group conditioning that spawned a care less Attitude Towards Material Things. The slave expert possessed property and the finer material things such as, clothes, jewelry, fine house, beautiful landscaping, etc. Consequently, the same way the slave hated and resented his master, he resented and envied the master's possessions. Those possessions were connected with leisure and power to direct one's life, family and economy.
Today, African-Americans have mixed inappropriate behavior patterns toward material things and property. On the one hand, there is resentment of property and an unconscious pleasure in vandalism and abuse of property seen as belonging to the "master". This resentment finds expression in the high rate of destruction and defacement in group housing and rented properties.
On the other hand, Black Americans have an unnatural attraction to material things. while slavery, wearing "Massah's" old hat or "Missis'" old dress became a emblem of pride and status.
A slave could play at being Massah or Missis for a few moments. Kenneth Stamp (1956) vividly illustrates this idea:
"The elegantly dressed slaves, who promenaded the streets of Southern town and cities on Sundays, the men in fine linens and inspiring waiscoasts, the women in full petticoats and silk gowns, were ordinarily the domestic servants of wealthy planters or townspeople. Butlers, coachmen, maids and valets had to uphold the prestige of their White families." [10].
Such experiences with property and material things have left a patrimony that is influential in our lives today. We waste large sums of money on items with no appreciative value such as, electronic gizmos, flashy clothes, costly rims, costly cars, jewelry and costly liquor. Because we wish to look like the slave master, we consistently drain our budgets and fail to use our money to gain wealth.
While inspecting the attitudes, which come from group conditioning, please remember that the resulting predispositions are only one aspect in determining our behavior. Western materialism, imperialism and aggression also have an influence on the African-American psyche. The lowest line is that we should be aware that predispositions within us from our past might control our behavior in ways we do not understand.
What We Are Doing And Why It'S Not Working
In our quest for empowerment, we are a group out of sync with the times. Instead of working towards wealth parity, many of us are chasing detrimental myths and elusive dreams. This section discusses any of our myths and dreams:
o Integration
o Diversity
o Politics
o Education
o Religion
Integration
"The dream of integration has never come true for Black Americans. When we pursued this dream in the 60's we did not comprehend that the integrating group loses all self-determination prerogatives, since the dominant society must process and approve all goals and plans.
Once Blacks began to integrate, we abandoned our businesses, schools and communities, we also lost disposable earnings that was redistributed to White communities, and we even lost our middle-class Black role models, who followed Whites to the suburbs. The loss of Black earnings and role models has left Black communities across the nation impoverished and without leadership.
And, worst of all, under integration Black population have had to shape their goals, values and behavior colse to White America's standards, though White' approval likely will not reap financial or political gains for Black people." [11]
Diversity
Another elusive Black American dream is cultural diversity. Cultural diversity can lead to the Inappropriate Behavior Pattern of Collusion with the Competition. It co-ops and weakens Black claims for national attention. In addition, it creates an ethic that equates all ethnic group grievances with those of Blacks while it belittles and neutralizes our efforts to determine unique concerns.
For other ethnic groups cultural diversity has its advantages. Main streets in every city have their share of Chinese, Japanese, Mexican, Vietnamese, Italian, Greek, French, Ethiopian, and Thai restaurants. The cultures of these groups stay intact if they pick to assimilate into mainstream culture. At the same time, they can organize other businesses, communities and their own economies.
On the other hand, African-Americans do not have the advantage of an identifiable culture of our very own. Instead, Black culture is represented by a fragmented array of African heritage, "soul", and Black history. This mish-mash of culture disintegrates while assimilation into mainstream culture. If all things were equal cultural diversity could be advantageous to us, however they are not.
Politics
"Politics without economics is emblem without substance." - minister Louis Farrakhan
The myth of Politics has kept Black Americans busy since the end of slavery. We know that political power is foremost because politics decides who is to have what benefits in life. However, those who aspire to have it can only gain and use it if they have economic power as well.
We cannot allow our brothers and sisters to forget the words of Marcus Garvey, who said:
"The most foremost area for the exercise of independent attempt [is] economic. After a population have established a firm commercial foundation they turn to politics . . . But not first. . . To politics because the latter cannot exist without the former." [12]
Then in addition, the fundamental rule of all politics is --- quid quo pro. This means, "If you scratch my back, then I will scratch yours". After you spend the time, power and resources in withhold of a political issue, candidate or political party, then expect recompense in an equal manner.
This rule of politics applies to every person in America except African-Americans. Black Americans traditionally withhold White candidates and their political parties out of a sense of promulgation and loyalty. As a result, the Black vote is taken for granted. There is no time in history when Black Americans have been compensated on a quid quo pro basis for political contributions that have been made.
Unfortunately, the political photo for Black Americans gets worse. We have not demanded a quid quo pro relationship. Demanding a quid quo pro relationship with its elected politicians enabled Cuban refugees to economically and politically surpass and subordinate Blacks in Miami, Florida within one decade.
Thus, Black political power has yet to become an sufficient strategy for getting vitally needed resources to Black communities. Though the rule of politics is "something for something" Black Americans are never specifically rewarded for their overwhelming withhold for candidates for group office. Back officials are skittish about using the powers of their offices to specifically address the needs of Black communities because they are implicated about generating a White Backlash. It is easier for them to propose or withhold programs that are ambiguously designed to assist every person rather than just Blacks. For their political support, Blacks have all the time been denied quid quo pro, or something in return for their votes. [13]
Education
"Education without self knowledge is training and no one benefits from training but the trainer." - Ni'am Akbar
Some Blacks pursue the myth of Education. They are hoping that if they or their children get enough education they can overcome wealth disparity in America. Let's look at a few facts about education.
The architect of the base school system, Horace Mann, envisioned schools as institutions for Whites, as he described group education as the "great equalizer". He felt that Blacks would attend schools for the less fortunate.
Years later, African-Americans gained entrance to group schools and Whites treated us horribly. Moreover, as the saying goes, "If they don't treat you right, then they won't teach you right." America's school systems spouted racism and collaborated with group institutions to utter the structural inequalities that predetermined Black children's life chances. Even today group education has not committed to providing Black children with a truly capability education, instead group scientist and politicians have spent years charging Blacks with inferior intelligence and poor educational values.
The more education you have the more wealth you are supposed to gain, however there is practically no relationship in the middle of Black peoples level of wealth and their educational experiences. while the years 1865 to 1895, Blacks cut their illiteracy rate by 50% (from 98% to 48%). Following the Civil War nearly 25 million immigrants came from Europe with practically the same illiteracy rate as Blacks. while the next 30 years, Blacks reduced their illiteracy rate twice as fast as the European immigrants did. In contrast, as Europeans immigrants achieved educationally, they moved up in wealth, income, political empowerment, group acceptance and enterprise ownership. Blacks started on the lowest and are still on the lowest today. There was no direct correlation in the middle of overwhelming Black educational achievement and benefits.
The hypothesize for the frost on upward mobility is not difficult to frame out. group education was predominantly Euro-centric with miniature to no data about African-Americans. As Akbar (1998) points out, education without self-knowledge is merely training, and population who are trained can only serve those educated population who were their trainers. [14]
Census data indicated, as late as the 1950's that a White high school graduate earned more than a Black college graduate. A Black someone earned only 54 cents for every dollar a White someone earned. In the mid 1970's Black, earned earnings went as high as 67 cents for every dollar that Whites earned. It fell back down to 56 cents for every dollar the Whites earned in the 1980's. Black Americans are not wrong for wanting an education; we just have to understand that education by itself is not enough.
Anderson (2001) concludes a section on education with the following paragraph:
"Wealth and other inequalities continue primarily because the planned inferior education provided to Blacks was never designed to give them countervailing power to offset the racism to which they would be exposed in mainstream society." [15]
Religion
Eurocentric interpretations of the Bible have created religious myths that impair Black empowerment. Religion was one of the first tools used by slave masters in Slavery Conditioning. They hoped Christianity would encourage slaves to be "Christ-like", obedient, interpret their own bondage, and control the hearts and minds of Black slaves in general.
Whites produced self-serving explanations of the Bible, alleging Blacks were a cursed people, destined to be the slaves of whites (the curse of Ham). They tried to focus Black aspirations on "the next life" to the extent that some Blacks wished they were dead. When Black preachers were allowed to preach to Blacks, they were urged to teach that:
1. When the Bible referred to "slave and master", it was referring to the Black race and the White expert here on earth.
2. Blacks were supposed to be hard-working, trustworthy, obedient and humble
3. Blacks were to accept their lot in life, postpone worldly pleasures, and look transmit to their pie in the sky after death.
White seminary schools popular ,favorite Black ministers who encouraged Blacks to collude in their own subordination and exploitation.
These religious dogmas persist in Black churches today causing many to accept or ignore Black injustices.
Coming From Out The Box
If African-Americans cannot amass mainstream wealth through integration, diversity, politics, education and/or religion after 400 years, we must do the next best thing --- originate wealth surface of the mainstream within our Black communities.
If we seriously want to enhance our situation, we must work cooperatively to progress our group economic position. Cooperatively means that increasing capability of society becomes the motive of men instead of increasing individual profit. Increased individual profit will come from more sufficient and sufficient carrying out of productive, literate, wholesome and happier Black population in the community.
This can be finished by:
1. De-programming our Slavery Conditioning and eliminating Inappropriate Behavior Patterns
2. Replacing our do-for-others mindset with a do-for-self mindset
3. Assessing our resources
4. Using what we find to organize programs and procedures that advantage our communities.
5. Using Internet technology (Web, Email, Radio, and Tv) to implement and shop the programs
De-Programming Our Slavery Conditioning
It is through consciousness that a group knows whom they are, why they are and how to behave. Moreover, from one's consciousness comes culture, from culture comes attitudes, from attitudes come feelings, and from feelings come actions. We can reverse-engineer the harmful effects of Slavery Conditioning by reawakening our consciousness in a totally new context. . . . Maafa Healing.
Maafa is the Swahili word for holocaust. Maafa medical is a form of post-traumatic slavery therapy that moves our Level of Consciousness from the self-destructive effects of Slavery Conditioning and Inappropriate Behavior Patterns to proper behavior patterns. This is finished by going back to go transmit and erasing the negative influences from the subconscious mind and replacing them with inescapable Black consciousness theory (wisdom teachings). Much the same way Neuro Linguistic Programming conditions a smoker to become a non-smoker.
A study group investigating the glorious civilizations of our ancestors is an excellent way to implement Maafa Healing. The sessions will raise our consciousness by emancipating us from the alien-inspired dungeon of false beliefs about others, the world and ourselves. Moreover, they'll provide us with a new set of historically exact facts, concepts, theories, and perspectives about ourselves, about others, and about the world based on our African cultural and intellectual heritage.
Without some form of Maafa Healing, most Africans in America are unconscious: constrained by Slavery Conditioning to confusion, seeking unidentifiable and unattainable goals. Most significantly, an unconscious mind leaves us unable apply the melanin in our bodies to tune into spiritually empowering thoughts.
Replacing Our Do-For-Others Mindset with a Do-For-Self Mindset
According to Anderson (1994), Black Americans spend 95% of their every year disposable earnings with businesses located in other communities.
Of the five percent that remains in Black communities, Another three percent is spent with non-Black owned businesses. It is difficult, if not impossible for Black communities to utter a inexpensive capability of life and be economically contentious when only two percent of their every year disposal earnings remains within Black communities. [16]
Others have lived luxuriously (improving their schools, construction new businesses, obtaining indispensable healthcare and ordinarily enhancing the distance and capability of their lives) off our generous, do-for-others, spending habits.
With our culturally enlightened psyche, the time has come for us to stop going along to get along and do-for-self. Do-for-self means giving to ourselves. . . . Giving love of self and love of race. As a result, cooperation with more encouragement, support, and giving and buying Black is possible.
Assessing Our Resources
Wealth derives from ownership and control of natural, processed or human capital resources:
1. Natural (land, water, costly minerals, and metals)
2. Processed (machinery, factories, consumer items, group improvements, stocks, and bonds)
3. Human capital (skilled, literate, labor force)
We must control what resources we can to furnish wealth in the Black community. The majority of African-Americans own or control few indispensable resources - we have jobs. There is no wealth potential in a job. It is the owner and producer of the job who has the wealth potential.
Therefore, it is indispensable to associate with our brothers and sisters colse to the world who own and control land, such as in Africa and the Caribbean. These connections can take the forms of customer, raw material provider and manufacturer.
Of the resource options available in America, control of human capital is the most practical for our African Americans. Astute supervision of human capital leads to prosperous businesses and a viable means for wealth accumulation. Although most risky, wealth generated from enterprise ownership can be acquired and redistributed many times faster than from natural or processed resources.
Use What We Find To organize Programs and Procedures That advantage Our Community
Programs are defined by goals and the strategies implemented to meet those goals.
Our empowerment goals should be based on unmet society needs. After using society representatives on a team to brainstorm valid goals, make a list of prospective individuals and organizations that will help meet the goals.
Next, the team should make an inventory of the resources (people, equipment, supplies, and information) available from those on the list. Next, the brainstorming process should be used to come up with situations outlining how what we have can be used to perform our goals. These scenarios are called strategies. resource availability should be used to frame the strategy indispensable for accomplishing the previously outlined goals.
Any strategy outlined should be broken down into doable tasks, person/s responsible, due dates and cost. Last but not least, strong supervision is required to monitor agenda carrying out and make sure tasks get done in a timely manner.
The masses of Black folk in the society are grassroots, underemployed, unemployed and/or earnings challenged. Unlike the establishment class (leaders and beneficiaries of status quo social, corporate, and religious institutions), they are not proficient in the accounting, marketing and operations elements of economic development. Therefore, there is a need for community-minded training. A bonding together of businesses (both virtual and "brick and mortar"), society activist, philanthropist, and enterprise services that link enterprise development with society development while fulfilling the needs of grassroots Black entrepreneurs. This arrival is a viable initiative in revitalizing urban Black communities.
According to the article, society Entrepreneurship, by Michael H. Shuman author of, Going Local: Creating self-reliant Communities in a Global Age:
"First, the best community-minded training programs teach their entrepreneurs fulfilling unmet local needs is, by definition, going to be great for the inner city than exporting yo-yos. One such agenda is Urban Seed (Sustainable Economic and Environmental Development), based in Alameda, California, which encourages its trainees to focus on micro enterprises that grow organic food and originate renewable energy. Another is the Detroit Farmers Cooperative, which operates seven society gardens and five neighborhood-based markets, all run by seven young African Americans, 14 to 16 years old. In addition, the Hope Takes Root agenda in Detroit employs homeless men to grow food for local meals programs for the poor."
Grassroots entrepreneurs will need enterprise services. These services comprise enterprise coaching, accounting, legal services, loan packaging, insurance, web development, illustrated design, prestige clearing, and merchant card services.
Before these services are provided to the grassroots entrepreneur, he or should join virtual enterprise incubators. These incubators are Internet powered (web, radio, and Tv) cooperatives designed to combine incoming enterprise owners into improved economic position. Correction comes from the efficiency of working collectively such as, cooperative buying, referral arrangements, business-to-business transactions, bartering, mentor/protégé relationships and easy entrance to the network enterprise services.
Incubator activities will be designed to originate internal cash flow and avoid Collusion with the Competition. In addition, each cooperative member enterprise is evaluated by a enterprise coach for strengths/weaknesses and expert guidance offered.
Marketing the Program
Grassroots entrepreneurs will be attracted to the agenda by inspiring marketing strategies:
1. A message that moves the grassroots entrepreneur from idea to earnings in a manner, which he or she can relate.
2. Free to low-cost services and products.
3. The feeling of society evolving from shared knowledge, resources, and pulling together for increased competitiveness.
4. A agenda of special business-building events and activities such as, guest speakers, entrepreneurial studies, workshops, and enterprise education programs offered at conveniently located society venues.
5. Informative articles periodically distributed that educate the enterprise owner on wealth creation strategies and Black dollar recycling
6. An inspiring Internet presence that streamlines enterprise processes, communication, shop coverage, event, enterprise news, and tools.
Conclusion
An initiative that is modeled after the advent out of the box arrival will be a indispensable asset in empowering the Black community.
Footnotes
[1] Anderson, Claud. Powernomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America, (Powernomics Corporation of America, Inc., 2001) 7
[2] Akbar, Na'im. Chains and Images of Psychological Slavery, (New Mind Productions, 1984) 8
[3] Anderson, Claud. White Wealth, Black Labor: The quest for Power and Economic Justice, (Duncan & Duncan, Inc. 1994) 165
[4] Ibid., 165
[5] Ibid., 165
[6] Akbar, Na'im. Chains and Images of Psychological Slavery, (New Mind Productions, 1984) 27
[7] Ibid., 29
[8] T Shaka, Oba. The Art of Leadership, (Pan Afrikan Publications, 1991) 287
[9] Anderson, Claud Powernomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America, (Powernomics Corporation of America, Inc., 2001) 29
[10] Stamp, Kenneth. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante Bellum South, (New York, Vintage Books, 1956) 289
[11] Anderson, Claud White Wealth, Black Labor: The quest for Power and Economic Justice, (Duncan & Duncan, Inc. 1994) 54
[12] Clingman, James. Blackonomics: The Way to Psychological and Economic leisure for African Americans, (Milligan Books, Inc. 2001) 200
[13] Anderson, Claud White Wealth, Black Labor: The quest for Power and Economic Justice, (Duncan & Duncan, Inc. 1994) 35
[14] Akbar, Na'im Know Thy Self, (Mind Productions & Associates, 1998) 2
[15] Anderson, Claud Powernomics: The National Plan to Empower Black America, (Powernomics Corporation of America, Inc., 2001) 94
[16] Anderson, Claud. White Wealth, Black Labor: The quest for Power and Economic Justice, (Duncan & Duncan, Inc. 1994) 52
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